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François Duvalier
François Duvalier (; 14 April 190721 April 1971), also known as PapaDoc, was the President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. He was elected president in 1957 on a populist and black nationalist platform and successfully thwarted a coupd’état in 1958. His rule, based on a purged military, a rural militia known as the , and the use of cult of personality, resulted in the murder of 30,000 to 60,000 Haitians and the exile of many more.〔
Prior to his rule, Duvalier, who was a physician by profession, was known for successfully fighting diseases and acquired the nickname “PapaDoc”. He took the title of President for Life in 1964 and remained in power until he died in 1971. He was succeeded by his son, Jean‑Claude, who was nicknamed “BabyDoc”.
==Early life and career==
Duvalier was born in Port-au-Prince in 1907, son of Duval Duvalier, a justice of the peace, and baker }} His aunt, Madame Florestal, raised him.〔 He completed a degree in medicine from the University of Haiti in 1934, and served as staff physician at several local hospitals. He spent a year at the University of Michigan studying public health〔 and in 1943, became active in a United States-sponsored campaign to control the spread of contagious tropical diseases, helping the poor to fight typhus, yaws, malaria and other tropical diseases that had ravaged Haiti for years.〔 His patients affectionately called him “PapaDoc”, a moniker that he used throughout his life.
The United States occupation of Haiti, which began in 1915, left a powerful impression on the young Duvalier. He was also aware of the latent political power of the poor black majority and their resentment against the tiny mulatto elite. Duvalier supported Pan-African ideals, and became involved in the ''フランス語:négritude'' movement of Haitian author , both of which led to his advocacy of Haitian Vodou, an ethnological study of which later paid enormous political dividends for him.〔 In 1938, Duvalier co-founded the journal ''Les Griots''. In 1939, he married , with whom he had four children: Marie‑Denise, Nicole, Simone, and Jean‑Claude.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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